金三银四,很多小伙伴都打算跳槽。而多线程是面试必问的,给大家分享下 Thread 源码解析,也算是我自己的笔记整理、思维复盘。学习的同时,顺便留下点什么~
1、设置线程名
在使用多线程的时候,想要查看线程名是很简单的,调用 Thread.currentThread().getName() 即可。默认情况下,主线程名是 main,其他线程名是 Thread-x,x 代表第几个线程。
我们点进去构造方法,看看它是怎么命名的:调用了 init 方法,init 方法内部调用了 nextThreadNum 方法。
public Thread() { init(null, null, "Thread-" + nextThreadNum(), 0);}
nextThreadNum 是一个线程安全的方法,同一时间只可能有一个线程修改,而 threadInitNumber 是一个静态变量,它可以被类的所有对象访问。所以,每个线程在创建时直接 +1 作为子线程后缀。
/* For autonumbering anonymous threads. */private static int threadInitNumber;private static synchronized int nextThreadNum() { return threadInitNumber++;}
再看 init 方法,注意到最后有 this.name = name 赋值给 volatile 变量的 name,默认就是用 Thread-x 作为子线程名。
private void init(ThreadGroup g, Runnable target, String name,long stackSize) { init(g, target, name, stackSize, null, true);}private void init(ThreadGroup g, Runnable target, String name, long stackSize, AccessControlContext acc, boolean inheritThreadLocals) { if (name == null) { throw new NullPointerException("name cannot be null"); } // 名称赋值 this.name = name; // 省略代码}
最终 getName 方法拿到的就是这个 volatile 变量 name 的值。
private volatile String name;public final String getName() { return name;}
注意到源码中,有带 name 参数的构造方法:
public Thread(Runnable target, String name) { init(null, target, name, 0);}
所以,我们可以初始化时就指定线程名
public class MyThread implements Runnable { @Override public void run() { // 打印当前线程的名字 System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); }}
public class TestMain { public static void main(String[] args) { MyThread myThread = new MyThread(); //带参构造方法给线程起名字 Thread thread1 = new Thread(myThread, "一个优秀的废人"); Thread thread2 = new Thread(myThread, "在复习多线程"); // 启动线程 thread1.start(); thread2.start(); // 打印当前线程的名字 System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); }}
2、线程优先级
在 Thread 源码中和线程优先级相关的属性有以下 3 个:
// 线程可以拥有的最小优先级public final static int MIN_PRIORITY = 1;// 线程默认优先级public final static int NORM_PRIORITY = 5;// 线程可以拥有的最大优先级public final static int MAX_PRIORITY = 10
线程的优先级可以理解为线程抢占 CPU 时间片(也就是执行权)的概率,优先级越高几率越大,但并不意味着优先级高的线程就一定先执行。
Thread 类中,设置优先级的源码如下:
public final void setPriority(int newPriority) { ThreadGroup g; checkAccess(); // 先验证优先级的合理性,不能大于 10,也不能小于 1 if (newPriority > MAX_PRIORITY || newPriority < MIN_PRIORITY) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(); } if((g = getThreadGroup()) != null) { // 优先级如果超过线程组的最高优先级,则把优先级设置为线程组的最高优先级(有种一人得道鸡犬升天的感觉~) if (newPriority > g.getMaxPriority()) { newPriority = g.getMaxPriority(); } // native 方法 setPriority0(priority = newPriority); }}
在 java 中,我们一般这样设置线程的优先级:
public class TestMain { public static void main(String[] args) { MyThread myThread = new MyThread(); //带参构造方法给线程起名字 Thread thread1 = new Thread(myThread, "一个优秀的废人"); Thread thread2 = new Thread(myThread, "在复习多线程"); // 设置优先级 thread1.setPriority(1); thread2.setPriority(10); // 启动线程 thread1.start(); thread2.start(); // 打印当前线程的名字 System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); }}
3、守护线程
守护线程是低优先级的线程,专门为其他线程服务的,其他线程执行完了,它也就挂了。在 java 中,我们的垃圾回收线程就是典型的守护线程。
它有两个特点:
- 当别的非守护线程执行完了,虚拟机就会退出,守护线程也就会被停止掉。
- 守护线程作为一个服务线程,没有服务对象就没有必要继续运行了。
举个栗子:你可以把守护线程理解为公司食堂里面的员工,专门为办公室员工提供饮食服务,办公室员工下班回家了,它们也就都回家了。所以,不能使用守护线程访问资源(比如修改数据、进行I/O 操作等等),因为这货随时挂掉。反之,守护线程经常被用来执行一些后台任务,但是呢,你又希望在程序退出时,或者说 JVM 退出时,线程能够自动关闭,此时,守护线程是你的首选。
在 java 中,可以通过 setDaemon 可以设置守护线程,源码如下:
public final void setDaemon(boolean on) { // 判断是否有权限 checkAccess(); // 判断是否活跃 if (isAlive()) { throw new IllegalThreadStateException(); } daemon = on;}
从以上源码,可以知道必须在线程启动之前就把目标线程设置为守护线程,否则报错。
例子:新增一个 DaemonThread,里面执行的任务是死循环不断打印自己的线程名字。
public class DaemonThread implements Runnable { @Override public void run() { // 死循环 while(true) { // 打印当前线程的名字 System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); } }}
测试:在启动之前先把 thread2 设置为守护线程,thread1 启动,再启动 thread2 。
public class TestMain { public static void main(String[] args) { MyThread myThread = new MyThread(); DaemonThread daemonThread = new DaemonThread(); //带参构造方法给线程起名字 Thread thread1 = new Thread(myThread, "一个优秀的废人"); Thread thread2 = new Thread(daemonThread, "在复习多线程"); // 设置 thread2 为守护线程 thread2.setDaemon(true); // 启动线程 thread1.start(); thread2.start(); // 打印当前线程的名字 System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); }}
正常来说,如果 thread2 不是守护线程,JVM 不会退出,除非发生严重的异常,thread2 会一直死循环在控制台打印自己的名字。然而,设置为守护线程之后,JVM 退出,thread2 也不再执行:
4、start() 和 run() 有啥区别?
首先从 Thread 源码来看,start () 方法属于 Thread 自身的方法,并且使用了 synchronized 来保证线程安全,源码如下:
public synchronized void start() { // 1、状态验证,不等于 NEW 的状态会抛出异常 if (threadStatus != 0) throw new IllegalThreadStateException(); // 2、通知线程组,此线程即将启动 group.add(this); boolean started = false; try { start0(); started = true; } finally { try { if (!started) { group.threadStartFailed(this); } } catch (Throwable ignore) { // 3、不处理任何异常,如果 start0 抛出异常,则它将被传递到调用堆栈上 } }}
而 run () 方法为 Runnable 的抽象方法,必须由调用类重写此方法,重写的 run () 方法其实就是此线程要执行的业务方法,源码如下:
public class Thread implements Runnable { // 忽略其他方法...... private Runnable target; @Override public void run() { if (target != null) { target.run(); } }}@FunctionalInterfacepublic interface Runnable { public abstract void run();}
关于两者区别这个问题,其实上次写多线程的开篇,已经说过了,有兴趣的戳:
这里长话短说,它的区别是:
- run 方法里面定义的是线程执行的任务逻辑,直接调用跟普通方法没啥区别
- start 方法启动线程,使线程由 NEW 状态转为 RUNNABLE,然后再由 jvm 去调用该线程的 run () 方法去执行任务
- start 方法不能被多次调用,否则会抛出 java.lang.IllegalStateException;而 run () 方法可以进行多次调用,因为它是个普通方法
5、sleep 方法
sleep 方法的源码入下,它是个 native 方法。我们没法看源码,只能通过注释来理解它的含义,我配上了简短的中文翻译,总结下来有三点注意:
- 睡眠指定的毫秒数,且在这过程中不释放锁
- 如果参数非法,报 IllegalArgumentException
- 睡眠状态下可以响应中断信号,并抛出 InterruptedException(后面会说)
- 调用 sleep 方法,即会从 RUNNABLE 状态进入 Timed Waiting(计时等待)状态
/** * Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily cease * execution) for the specified number of milliseconds, subject to * the precision and accuracy of system timers and schedulers. The thread * does not lose ownership of any monitors.// 1、睡眠指定的毫秒数,且在这过程中不释放锁 * @param millis * the length of time to sleep in milliseconds * * @throws IllegalArgumentException * if the value of {@code millis} is negative// 2、如果参数非法,报 IllegalArgumentException * @throws InterruptedException * if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The * <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is * cleared when this exception is thrown.// 3、睡眠状态下可以响应中断信号,并抛出 InterruptedException*/public static native void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException;
6、如何正确停止线程?
线程在不同的状态下遇到中断会产生不同的响应,有点会抛出异常,有的则没有变化,有的则会结束线程。
如何正确停止线程?有人说这不简单嘛。直接 stop 方法,stop 方法强制终止线程,所以它是不行的。它已经被 Java 设置为 @Deprecated 过时方法了。
主要原因是stop 太暴力了,没有给线程足够的时间来处理在线程停止前保存数据的逻辑,任务就停止了,会导致数据完整性的问题。
举个栗子:线程正在写入一个文件,这时收到终止信号,它就需要根据自身业务判断,是选择立即停止,还是将整个文件写入成功后停止,而如果选择立即停止就可能造成数据不完整,不管是中断命令发起者,还是接收者都不希望数据出现问题。
一般情况下,使用 interrupt 方法来请求停止线程,它并不是直接停止。它仅仅是给这个线程发了一个信号告诉它,它应该要结束了 (明白这一点非常重要!),而要不要马上停止,或者过一段时间后停止,甚至压根不停止都是由被停止的线程根据自己的业务逻辑来决定的。
要了解 interrupt 怎么使用,先来看看源码(已经给了清晰的注释):
/** * Interrupts this thread.1、只能自己中断自己,不然会抛出 SecurityException * <p> Unless the current thread is interrupting itself, which is * always permitted, the {@link #checkAccess() checkAccess} method * of this thread is invoked, which may cause a {@link * SecurityException} to be thrown.2、如果线程调用 wait、sleep、join 等方法,进入了阻塞,会造成调用中断无效,抛 InterruptedException 异常。 * <p> If this thread is blocked in an invocation of the {@link * Object#wait() wait()}, {@link Object#wait(long) wait(long)}, or {@link * Object#wait(long, int) wait(long, int)} methods of the {@link Object} * class, or of the {@link #join()}, {@link #join(long)}, {@link * #join(long, int)}, {@link #sleep(long)}, or {@link #sleep(long, int)}, * methods of this class, then its interrupt status will be cleared and it * will receive an {@link InterruptedException}. * * <p> If this thread is blocked in an I/O operation upon an {@link * java.nio.channels.InterruptibleChannel InterruptibleChannel} * then the channel will be closed, the thread's interrupt * status will be set, and the thread will receive a {@link * java.nio.channels.ClosedByInterruptException}. * * <p> If this thread is blocked in a {@link java.nio.channels.Selector} * then the thread's interrupt status will be set and it will return * immediately from the selection operation, possibly with a non-zero * value, just as if the selector's {@link * java.nio.channels.Selector#wakeup wakeup} method were invoked.3、以上三种情况都不会发生时,才会把线程的中断状态改变 * <p> If none of the previous conditions hold then this thread's interrupt * status will be set. </p>4、中断已经挂了的线程是无效的 * <p> Interrupting a thread that is not alive need not have any effect. * * @throws SecurityException * if the current thread cannot modify this thread * * @revised 6.0 * @spec JSR-51 */ public void interrupt() { // 检查是否有权限 if (this != Thread.currentThread()) checkAccess(); synchronized (blockerLock) { // 判断是不是阻塞状态的线程调用,比如刚调用 sleep() Interruptible b = blocker; if (b != null) { interrupt0(); // Just to set the interrupt flag // 如果是,抛异常同时推出阻塞。将中断标志位改为 false b.interrupt(this); return; } } // 否则,顺利改变标志位 interrupt0(); }
interrupt 方法提到了四个点:
- 只能自己中断自己,不然会抛出 SecurityException
- 如果线程调用 wait、sleep、join 等方法进入了阻塞,会造成调用中断无效,抛 InterruptedException 异常。
- 以上情况不会发生时,才会把线程的中断状态改变
- 中断已经挂了的线程是无效的
除此以外,java 中跟中断有关的方法还有 interrupted()
和 isInterrupted()
,看看源码:
/** * Tests whether the current thread has been interrupted. The * <i>interrupted status</i> of the thread is cleared by this method. In * other words, if this method were to be called twice in succession, the * second call would return false (unless the current thread were * interrupted again, after the first call had cleared its interrupted * status and before the second call had examined it). * * <p>A thread interruption ignored because a thread was not alive * at the time of the interrupt will be reflected by this method * returning false. * * @return <code>true</code> if the current thread has been interrupted; * <code>false</code> otherwise. * @see #isInterrupted() * @revised 6.0 */public static boolean interrupted() { return currentThread().isInterrupted(true);}/** * Tests whether this thread has been interrupted. The <i>interrupted * status</i> of the thread is unaffected by this method. * * <p>A thread interruption ignored because a thread was not alive * at the time of the interrupt will be reflected by this method * returning false. * * @return <code>true</code> if this thread has been interrupted; * <code>false</code> otherwise. * @see #interrupted() * @revised 6.0 */public boolean isInterrupted() { return isInterrupted(false);}/** * Tests if some Thread has been interrupted. The interrupted state * is reset or not based on the value of ClearInterrupted that is * passed. */private native boolean isInterrupted(boolean ClearInterrupted);
两个点:
- isInterrupted() 用于判断中断标志位,调用不会影响当前标志位
- interrupted() 用于清除中断标志位,调用会清除标志位
前面说了,interrupt 只是发个信号给线程,视线程状态把它的中断标志位设为 true 或者清除(设置为 false),那它会改变线程状态吗?前文《线程的状态》说过线程有 6 种状态,我们来验证每种状态的中断响应以及状态变更情况:
NEW & TERMINATED
public class StopThread implements Runnable { @Override public void run() { // do something } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { Thread thread = new Thread(new StopThread()); System.out.println(thread.isInterrupted()); }}
运行结果:线程并没启动,标志不生效
public class StopThread implements Runnable { @Override public void run() { // do something } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { Thread thread = new Thread(new StopThread()); thread.start(); thread.join(); System.out.println(thread.getState()); thread.interrupt(); System.out.println(thread.isInterrupted()); }}
运行结果:线程已挂,标志并不生效
RUNNABLE
public class StopThread implements Runnable { @Override public void run() { int count = 0; while (true) { if (count < 10) { System.out.println(count++); } } } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { Thread thread = new Thread(new StopThread()); thread.start(); // 查看状态 System.out.println(thread.getState()); thread.interrupt(); // 等待 thread 中断 Thread.sleep(500); // 查看标志位 System.out.println(thread.isInterrupted()); // 查看状态 System.out.println(thread.getState()); }}
运行结果:仅仅设置中断标志位,JVM 并没有退出,线程还是处于 RUNNABLE 状态。
看到这里,有人可能说老子中断了个寂寞???正确的中断写法应该是这样的:我们通过 Thread.currentThread ().isInterrupt () 判断线程是否被中断,随后检查是否还有工作要做。正确的停止线程写法应该是这样的:
while (!Thread.currentThread().islnterrupted() && more work to do) { do more work}
在 while 中,通过 Thread.currentThread ().isInterrupt () 判断线程是否被中断,随后检查是否还有工作要做。&& 表示只有当两个判断条件同时满足的情况下,才会去执行线程的任务。实际例子:
public class StopThread implements Runnable { @Override public void run() { int count = 0; while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() && count < 1000) { System.out.println("count = " + count++); } System.out.println("响应中断退出线程"); } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { Thread thread = new Thread(new StopThread()); thread.start(); // 查看状态 System.out.println(thread.getState()); // 中断 thread.interrupt(); // 查看标志位 System.out.println(thread.isInterrupted()); // 等待 thread 中断 Thread.sleep(500); // 查看标志位 System.out.println(thread.isInterrupted()); // 查看状态 System.out.println(thread.getState()); }}
我的业务是从 0 开始计数,大于 1000 或者线程接收到中断信号就停止计数。调用 interrupt ,该线程检测到中断信号,中断标记位就会被设置成 true,于是在还没打印完 1000 个数的时候就会停下来。这样就不会有安全问题。这种就属于通过 interrupt 正确停止线程的情况
BLOCKED
首先,启动线程1、2,调用 synchronized 修饰的方法,thread1 先启动占用锁,thread2 将进入 BLOCKED 状态。
public class StopDuringSleep implements Runnable { public synchronized static void doSomething(){ while(true){ //do something } } @Override public void run() { doSomething(); } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { Thread thread1 = new Thread(new StopDuringSleep()); thread1.start(); Thread thread2 = new Thread(new StopDuringSleep()); thread2.start(); Thread.sleep(1000); System.out.println(thread1.getState()); System.out.println(thread2.getState()); thread2.interrupt(); System.out.println(thread2.isInterrupted()); System.out.println(thread2.getState()); }}
运行结果:跟 RUNNABLE 一样,能响应中断。
sleep 期间(WAITING 状态)能否感受到中断?
上面讲 sleep 方法时说过, sleep 是可以响应马上中断信号,并清除中断标志位(设置为 false),同时抛出 InterruptedException 异常,退出计时等待状态。看看例子:主线程休眠 5 毫秒后,通知子线程中断,此时子线程仍在执行 sleep 语句,处于休眠中。
public class StopDuringSleep implements Runnable { @Override public void run() { int count = 0; try { while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() && count < 1000) { System.out.println("count = " + count++); // 子线程 sleep Thread.sleep(1000000); } } catch (InterruptedException e) { // 判断该线程的中断标志位状态 System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()); // 打印线程状态 System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getState()); e.printStackTrace(); } } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { Thread thread = new Thread(new StopDuringSleep()); thread.start(); // 主线程 sleep Thread.sleep(5); thread.interrupt(); }}
运行结果:interrupt 会把处于 WAITING 状态线程改为 RUNNABLE 状态
仅仅 catch 异常就够了吗?
实际开发中往往是团队协作,互相调用。我们的方法中调用了 sleep 或者 wait 等能响应中断的方法时,仅仅 catch 住异常而不处理是非常不友好的。这种行为叫屏蔽了中断请求。
那怎么做才能避免这种情况呢?首先可以在方法签名中抛出异常,比如:
void subTask2() throws InterruptedException { Thread.sleep(1000);}
Java中,异常肯定是有调用方处理的。调用方要么自己抛到上层,要么 try catch 处理。如果每层逻辑都遵守规范,将中断信号传递到顶层,最终让 run () 方法可以捕获到异常。虽然 run 方法本身没有抛出 checkedException 的能力,但它可以通过 try/catch 根据业务逻辑来处理异常。
除此以外,还可以在 catch 语句中再次中断线程。比如上述例子中,我们可以在 catch 中这样写:
try { // 省略代码} catch (InterruptedException e) { // 判断该线程的中断标志位状态 System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()); // 打印线程状态 System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getState()); // 再次中断 Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); // 判断该线程的中断标志位状态 System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()); e.printStackTrace();}
运行结果:
sleep 期间被中断,会清除中断信号将其置为 false。这时就需要手动在 catch 中再次设置中断信号。如此,中断信号依然可以被检测,后续方法仍可知道这里发生过中断,并做出相应逻辑处理。
结论:NEW 和 TERMINATED 状态的线程不响应中断,其他状态可响应;同时 interrupt 会把 WAITING & TimeWAITING 状态的线程改为 RUNNABLE
7、yield 方法
看 Thread 的源码可以知道 yield () 为本地方法,也就是说 yield () 是由 C 或 C++ 实现的,源码如下:
/** * A hint to the scheduler that the current thread is willing to yield * its current use of a processor. The scheduler is free to ignore this * hint. * * <p> Yield is a heuristic attempt to improve relative progression * between threads that would otherwise over-utilise a CPU. Its use * should be combined with detailed profiling and benchmarking to * ensure that it actually has the desired effect. * * <p> It is rarely appropriate to use this method. It may be useful * for debugging or testing purposes, where it may help to reproduce * bugs due to race conditions. It may also be useful when designing * concurrency control constructs such as the ones in the * {@link java.util.concurrent.locks} package. */public static native void yield();
看代码注释知道:
- 当前线程调用 yield() 会让出 CPU 使用权,给别的线程执行,但是不确保真正让出。谁先抢到 CPU 谁执行。
- 当前线程调用 yield() 方法,会将状态从 RUNNABLE 转换为 WAITING。
比如:
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { Runnable runnable = new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { System.out.println("线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " I:" + i); if (i == 5) { Thread.yield(); } } } }; Thread t1 = new Thread(runnable, "T1"); Thread t2 = new Thread(runnable, "T2"); t1.start(); t2.start();}
执行这段代码会发现,每次的执行结果都不一样。那是因为 yield 方法非常不稳定。
8、join 方法
调用 join 方法,会等待该线程执行完毕后才执行别的线程。按照惯例,先来看看源码:
/** * Waits at most {@code millis} milliseconds for this thread to * die. A timeout of {@code 0} means to wait forever. * * <p> This implementation uses a loop of {@code this.wait} calls * conditioned on {@code this.isAlive}. As a thread terminates the * {@code this.notifyAll} method is invoked. It is recommended that * applications not use {@code wait}, {@code notify}, or * {@code notifyAll} on {@code Thread} instances. * * @param millis * the time to wait in milliseconds * * @throws IllegalArgumentException * if the value of {@code millis} is negative * * @throws InterruptedException * if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The * <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is * cleared when this exception is thrown. */public final synchronized void join(long millis) throws InterruptedException { long base = System.currentTimeMillis(); long now = 0; // 超时时间不能小于 0 if (millis < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative"); } // 等于 0 表示无限等待,直到线程执行完为之 if (millis == 0) { // 判断子线程 (其他线程) 为活跃线程,则一直等待 while (isAlive()) { wait(0); } } else { // 循环判断 while (isAlive()) { long delay = millis - now; if (delay <= 0) { break; } wait(delay); now = System.currentTimeMillis() - base; } }}
从源码知道几点:
- 从源码中可以看出 join () 方法底层还是通过 wait () 方法来实现的。
- 当前线程终止,会调用当前实例的 notifyAll 方法唤醒其他线程。
- 调用 join 方法,会使当前线程从 RUNNABLE 状态转至 WAITING 状态。
总结
Thread 类中主要有 start、run、sleep、yield、join、interrupt 等方法,其中start、sleep、yield、join、interrupt(改变 sleep 状态)是会改变线程状态的。最后,上一张完成版的线程状态切换图:
福利
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